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But trying to improve opportunities for people from disadvantaged backgrounds once they have entered the workforce may be too late

But trying to improve opportunities for people from disadvantaged backgrounds once they have entered the workforce may be too late

This is why much research to understand and redress disparities in educational achievement – and thus improve social mobility – has focused on early childhood.

Nurture can shape nature

It is well established that growing up in poverty negatively affects brain development. The parts of the brain that help us to deal with adversity grow more quickly to make poor children more resilient – but to the detriment of other parts of their brain.

Children from a poorer background also are held back by less conversational interaction with adults. One influential study found that, in the first three years of life, these children will hear around 30m fewer words than children from wealthier families. And it is not just the number of words. As their parents do not have the time to talk with them (or the resources to hire someone to do so), they also experience fewer conversational turns in the form of “back-and-forth” dialogue. Weiterlesen

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